By Abbie Bull, University of Birmingham, in collaboration with Naxon Labs ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Traditional diagnostic methods often rely on subjective assessments, leaving room for variability in interpretation. Recent advancements in neuroscience, particularly in EEG (electroencephalography) technology, have opened new pathways for objective analysis. This article delves into the use of EEG to analyze brainwave activity—specifically theta and beta waves—offering a deeper understanding of ADHD's neurobiological underpinnings and presenting innovative approaches for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.   Introduction: The Neural Marker of ADHD – Theta/Beta Ratio Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. One promising avenue for understanding and diagnosing ADHD lies in electroencephalography (EEG), which provides a window into brain activity patterns. Specifically, the theta/beta ratio (TBR) has emerged as a neural marker of ADHD. Theta waves (4–8 Hz) are associated with drowsiness and inattention, while beta waves (13–30 Hz) correlate with active thinking and focus. Individuals with ADHD often exhibit an elevated TBR, where theta waves outnumber beta waves, reflecting a reduced capacity for sustained attention. Clarke et al., 2011 Methodology: A Protocol to Analyze EEG Data The primary goal of this study was to design and evaluate a protocol to detect ADHD-related patterns using EEG data collected with Naxon Labs' Explorer tool and Muse headbands. The protocol included: Baseline and Task Recording: Participants completed a baseline resting phase followed by a Go/No-Go task, a cognitive test commonly used to assess attention and impulse control. The Go/No-Go task is often used in psychology to measure an individual's cognitive abilities such as impulse control, attention, and reaction time. In this task the participant must refrain from performing an action when a visual stimulus tells them not to do, for example avoid pressing the space bar when the screen is red. Whilst wearing the Naxon Muse EEG headband, the participant completes a 5-minute period of baseline resting activity before moving on to complete a series of Go/No-Go trials. We analyse the wave frequency in Naxon Explorer to see whether there appears to be a drastic difference in ratio between the theta and beta activity at baseline and during the trial. The EEG data is filtered to identify artefacts such as blinks and clenches which may disrupt the electrical activity recorded.  Data Analysis: EEG signals were processed to extract theta and beta wave activity using Naxon Explorer. The theta/beta ratio was calculated for specific electrodes (AF7, AF8, TP9, TP10) using statistical tools like Excel and SPSS. Visual and statistical comparisons were made between baseline and task-related activity. Thresholds for Interpretation: A TBR above 2 suggests ADHD-related patterns. Ratios between 1.2 and 2 indicate typical brain activity. A TBR below 1.2 reflects balanced neural activity, not consistent with ADHD. Findings: Distinct Neural Patterns Predictions - - If there are symptoms of ADHD, the brain activity should be dominated by theta waves. This should be more pronounced in the Go/No-Go task than in the baseline.  - If the brain activity is typical, the beta waves should be more pronounced to show the brain is engaging in attentional control.   Findings -  - For regions AF7 and AF8 it appears the activity is not dominated by theta waves, more so by beta waves. Whereas for regions TP9 and TP10, the theta activity is much greater than beta activity.    Visual Analysis: In the temporal regions (TP9 and TP10), theta activity was significantly higher than beta activity, indicative of ADHD-related patterns. Frontal regions (AF7 and AF8), however, displayed more balanced or beta-dominant activity, suggesting less ADHD-related activity. Statistical Analysis: Temporal electrodes (TP9 and TP10) showed TBR values as high as 7.81, far exceeding the typical range, supporting the hypothesis of ADHD-related activity. Frontal electrodes (AF7 and AF8) had lower ratios (e.g., 0.55, 0.86), which may reflect typical attentional processing in these areas. Limitations and Future Directions   Challenges with EEG-Based Diagnosis: Variability: The TBR may fluctuate with age, development, and individual differences. Overlap with Other Conditions: Similar brainwave patterns can appear in anxiety or other neuropsychiatric disorders. False Positives/Negatives: Variability in EEG data can lead to diagnostic inaccuracies.   Critiques of the theory: * Inconsistencies 🡪 not all studies have consistently found an elevated TBR in individuals with ADHD. The variability might be due to differences in study methodologies, participant characteristics, or EEG recording and analysis techniques. * Age and Development 🡪 the Theta/Beta ratio can change with age, and some of the differences observed might be related to developmental stages rather than ADHD. * Specificity and Sensitivity 🡪 there is ongoing debate about the specificity and sensitivity of TBR as a diagnostic tool. While it can indicate differences in brainwave activity, it might not be sufficient on its own for a definitive ADHD diagnosis without considering clinical assessments and other diagnostic criteria.   Critiques of using EEG: * Overlap with Other Conditions 🡪 brainwave patterns observed in ADHD can also be seen in other conditions such as anxiety. This lack of specificity means that an EEG-based diagnosis might lead to misdiagnosis if not corroborated by other clinical assessments * False Positives/Negatives 🡪 EEG-based methods may produce false positives (diagnosing ADHD when it’s not present) or false negatives (failing to diagnose ADHD when it is present). This could be due to the inherent variability in EEG data or the influence of external factors like fatigue, stress, or medication.  * Symptom Variability 🡪 ADHD is a highly heterogeneous disorder, meaning it manifests differently in different individuals. EEG patterns that may correlate with ADHD in one person might not apply to another, making it difficult to develop a universal EEG-based diagnostic criterion.     Enhancing Accuracy with AI: Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with EEG analysis offers a pathway to address these challenges. AI can detect subtle trends in noisy data, adapt models as new data becomes available, and provide personalized insights for both diagnosis and treatment. This approach could revolutionize ADHD management by offering tailored interventions such as neurofeedback. There is evidently complications with the traditional approach to diagnosing ADHD which EEG can counteract. However, more still can be done to ensure diagnosis is robust and accurate across universal populations… Using AI, biomarkers of ADHD can be detected from noisy EEG data and transformed into meaningful trends and patterns often missed by the human eye.   As more EEG data is collected from patients, AI models can be continuously refined. Machine learning techniques can be used to update the models as new data comes in, ensuring that the diagnostic tool remains up-to-date with the latest understanding of ADHD. Clinicians and researchers can provide feedback on the AI’s performance, leading to iterative improvements in the model’s accuracy and reliability. However extremely large sample sizes are needed to establish a tool which is not confounded by demographic characteristics such as co-morbid conditions.  Diagnosis is not the only focus! Combining AI with EEG can lead to the development of personalised treatment plans for patients with ADHD. Based on their individual patterns of brain activity, interventions such as neurofeedback can be tailored to help patients manage their symptoms.   Ethical Considerations As technology advances, integrating tools like EEG and AI into ADHD diagnosis and treatment raises important ethical questions. One concern is the increasing reliance on technology in clinical practice. Some clinicians argue that while these tools provide valuable insights, they should not replace the human element of diagnosis and treatment, which includes understanding the patient's lived experience and context. Looking ahead, the potential for EEG and AI to autonomously diagnose and implement treatment plans sparks debate. While such innovations could streamline healthcare delivery, they also raise questions about the role of clinicians and the ethical implications of relying on machines to make critical health decisions. Another contentious issue is the ability to "read minds" through brain imaging techniques like EEG. This raises concerns about privacy and consent, as participants may be wary of how their neural data could be interpreted or used beyond the intended scope of diagnosis. Lastly, the uneven accessibility to advanced diagnostic tools poses significant challenges. Socioeconomic disparities may limit access to EEG and AI-based solutions, leading to unequal opportunities for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Addressing these ethical concerns is crucial to ensure that technological advancements in ADHD care are implemented responsibly and equitably. . A Step Toward More Accurate ADHD Diagnostics This project underscores the potential of EEG technology, particularly the theta/beta ratio, as a tool for understanding ADHD. While there are limitations, the integration of advanced analytics, such as AI, could enhance the reliability and applicability of these findings. The work conducted during this project represents an important foundation for further research and development in ADHD diagnostics and personalized treatment. For researchers, clinicians, and technologists, this collaboration between Naxon Labs and the University of Birmingham highlights the power of interdisciplinary innovation in addressing complex neurological conditions. About the Author Abbie Bull is a Psychology student at the University of Birmingham. During her internship with Naxon Labs, she explored the potential of EEG-based diagnostics for ADHD, contributing to groundbreaking research in neurotechnology.

The intersection of neurotechnology and virtual reality (VR) holds immense potential for revolutionizing various fields, including education, healthcare, therapy, and user experience. This post delves into how VR, combined with neurotechnology, can enhance learning outcomes, improve therapeutic interventions, and offer innovative solutions for user interaction.   By Jay Torres-Carrizales Psychology at Arizona State University (USA)   Education: Enhancing Learning with Wearable Neurotechnology   Real-Time Human-in-the-Loop Education Systems The transformative potential of wearable neurotechnology in educational settings heralds the "Future of Smart Classrooms in the Era of Wearable Neurotechnology." Envision a real-time human-in-the-loop education system, where the portability, comfort, and wireless data transfer capabilities of devices like EEG headbands enable continuous monitoring and analysis of class engagement and social dynamics. This innovative approach allows educators to gain deeper insights into cognitive processing, understand how students interact and process information, and predict learning patterns. By leveraging this data, teachers can tailor their strategies to enhance individual student outcomes, creating a more adaptive, personalized, and effective learning environment.   Case Study: Babini et al. A study by Babini et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of using wearable EEG devices in a virtual reality (VR) environment to enhance student focus and learning. The results showed higher engagement and better performance in VR settings, suggesting that such technologies can significantly improve educational experiences. This study highlights the potential of combining EEG and VR to create immersive learning environments that cater to the individual needs of students, providing them with personalized feedback and support. Physiological state and learning ability in normal and VR conditions: By recording EEG and facial EMG signals of participants during stimulation, the research demonstrated that both the brain and facial muscles exhibited greater fractal dimensions in the 3D video condition, indicating a more substantial reaction compared to 2D videos. This heightened physiological response was paralleled by improved learning outcomes, as students correctly answered more questions in the VR environment. These results suggest that VR not only enhances engagement but also improves the effectiveness of learning by stimulating more profound neural and muscular responses.   Applications Virti: Training and learning for surgeons, engineers, and nurses. Virti uses VR and AR to create realistic simulations that help professionals develop critical skills in a safe and controlled environment. By integrating EEG data, Virti can further enhance these training programs by providing real-time feedback on cognitive load and stress levels. Hololens: Augmented reality for immersive educational experiences. Hololens can be used to create interactive and engaging lessons that adapt to the cognitive state of the user, ensuring that they remain focused and engaged throughout the learning process.   Healthcare: Innovative Therapies and Rehabilitation   XR Health: Physical and Occupational Therapy Extended reality (XR) technologies combined with EEG can facilitate patient motivation and participation in rehabilitation. These tools are particularly beneficial for individuals recovering from strokes or other conditions that impair mobility and cognitive function. By providing real-time feedback on brain activity, therapists can tailor rehabilitation programs to the specific needs of each patient, ensuring optimal outcomes.   McGill University and Shriner Hospital Using VR to reduce chronic pain and monitor emotions and stress during medical procedures. EEG data can provide valuable insights into patient responses, enhancing the effectiveness of these interventions. For example, by monitoring brain activity during pain management sessions, clinicians can identify the most effective strategies for reducing discomfort and improving patient well-being.   Therapy: Addressing PTSD, Phobias, and Addictions   PTSD and Phobia Treatment VR environments can recreate trauma scenarios, allowing patients to confront and manage their emotions safely. EEG monitoring can track stress levels and improvements, helping therapists tailor treatments more effectively. This approach can be particularly beneficial for individuals with PTSD, as it allows them to process traumatic memories in a controlled and supportive environment.   Addiction Prevention: Vaping Growing evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive form of electromagnetic brain stimulation used to modulate neural activity, may be useful in the treatment of addiction. In a current study, participants engaged in tasks that involved using a virtual hand that mirrored their actual hand movements to either search for and destroy vapes or search for and throw tennis balls. This approach aims to explore how immersive VR environments combined with rTMS can influence behavior and neural pathways related to addiction, offering a potential new avenue for treatment and prevention.   Technology: Enhancing User Experiences and Comfort   Autopilot Vehicle Testing Studies on how comfortable people feel in autopilot vehicles can benefit from EEG monitoring to identify and address discomfort factors. VR simulations combined with EEG can provide comprehensive data on user experiences, helping designers create more comfortable and user-friendly vehicles. By understanding the neural responses to various driving scenarios, manufacturers can improve the safety and comfort of autonomous vehicles.   VTuber and VR Chat Using EEG headbands to control avatar expressions and movements in virtual environments. This technology can offer more natural and responsive interactions for VTuber users and VR chat participants. By monitoring brain activity, the system can adjust the avatar's expressions and movements in real-time, creating a more immersive and engaging experience.   The integration of neurotechnology with VR is poised to bring significant advancements in various sectors. From enhancing learning experiences to improving therapeutic interventions and user interactions, the possibilities are vast and promising. By leveraging the power of EEG and VR, we can create more personalized, effective, and engaging solutions that address the unique needs of each individual.     Stay tuned for more updates and insights as we continue to push the boundaries of neurotechnology and AI.

February 27, 2024, TheStudio Birmingham, 7 Cannon Street, Birmingham, B2 5EP The neurotechnology landscape is rapidly evolving, and Innovate UK's Neurotechnology Conference held in Birmingham was a testament to the vibrant innovation and collaborative spirit permeating this field. The conference not only showcased cutting-edge advancements but also provided a platform for experts to forge connections and explore potential partnerships.   By Olivia Fox BSci Biological Sciences at University of Birmingham   The conference was designed as a collaborative space for attendees to explore the latest neurotechnology innovations, engage with pioneers in the field, and forge partnerships that could drive the next wave of breakthroughs in this exciting field. The day was packed with insightful presentations and networking opportunities, highlighting the latest advancements and discussing the integration of these technologies into healthcare and beyond. Event Highlights and Insights The day was packed with presentations from leaders in the industry and academia, each providing unique insights into their work and the broader implications for health and technology. From biomagnetic sensing to neural stimulation and quantum sensors for brain imaging, the conference covered a broad spectrum of neurotechnology applications.   Highlighting the Experts   Dr. Emil Hewage – Pioneering AI in Neurotechnology Dr. Emil Hewage, the CEO & Founder of BIOS Health, delivered a compelling presentation on the integration of artificial intelligence with neurotechnology. His focus on 'AI as the key to the neural code' provided deep insights into how cutting-edge AI techniques are being used to decode and interact with complex neural signals. BIOS Health is leading the charge towards creating more intuitive and powerful neural interfaces. Jane Ollis – Stress Management through Neurodigital Tools Jane Ollis, the CEO & Founder of Mindspire, discussed the role of neurodigital technologies in managing stress and enhancing mental health. Her talk showcased how Mindspire’s innovative solutions are using neurotechnology to provide real-time stress management tools, illustrating the potential for these technologies to improve everyday health.  Prof. Kia Nazarpour – Innovations in Neural Prosthetics As the Chief Strategy Officer of Neuranics, Prof. Kia Nazarpour presented on the advancements in neural prosthetics and their integration into digital health systems. His insights into the development of devices that enhance or restore human capabilities highlighted the transformative potential of neural prosthetics.  Prof. Keith Mathieson – Advancements in Neurophotonics Professor Keith Mathieson, from the University of Strathclyde, provided an overview of the emerging field of neurophotonics. His role as the Royal Academy of Engineering Chair in Emerging Technologies has positioned him at the forefront of developing technologies that use light to map and understand brain functions.  Dr. Luke Bashford & Dr. Anna Kowalczyk – Cutting-Edge Research in Neurotechnology Dr. Luke Bashford and Dr. Anna Kowalczyk, both esteemed academics in the field of neuroscience and neurotechnology, discussed their current research projects. Dr. Bashford, from the University of Newcastle, and Dr. Kowalczyk, from the University of Birmingham, covered a variety of topics including neural stimulation and the psychological aspects of neurotechnology applications. Rahman Shama, CEO of NeuroCreate, shared her compelling insights on achieving 'Flow' states through neurotechnology. NeuroCreate is at the forefront of developing AI-powered tools designed to enhance creativity and cognitive agility. Their platform leverages the neuroscientific principles underlying creative thinking, personalized by AI to augment and streamline work processes. By fostering 'Flow' states, NeuroCreate not only boosts productivity and efficiency but also enhances mood and wellbeing, effectively reducing stress. Rahman's discussion emphasized the transformative potential of wearable technologies in accessing these peak performance mental states, making a strong case for collaborative ventures with companies like Naxon to further explore relaxation and stress management applications. Dr Marcus Kaiser leads the Dynamic Connectome Lab - a research group dedicated to understanding the complex organization and dynamics of brain networks. Dr. Kaiser and his team disseminate their research findings, tools, and resources to the broader scientific community. The Dynamic Connectome Lab focuses on developing innovative methods for analyzing and modeling brain connectivity data, with a particular emphasis on dynamic changes in neural networks over time. "Changing Connectomes" explores the dynamic nature of brain networks and their implications for understanding brain function and dysfunction. His research sheds light on how changes in brain connectivity contribute to various neurological and psychiatric disorders, offering new insights into potential therapeutic interventions.  Other participants included Dr Charlie Appleby-Mallinder (Sector Engagement Manager – Medical & Healthcare, Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre), Dr Jacques Carolan (Programme Director, Advanced Research + Innovation Agency (ARIA)), Neurotech Networks, CloseNIT, CPNN+, N-CODE, Neuromod+ and Respect4Neurodevelopment.   One of the most exciting aspects of the conference was the enthusiasm for collaboration, shared by participants during networking breaks. Many attendees, including Naxon Labs' Olivia Fox, engaged in meaningful discussions that sparked ideas for potential research collaborations and technology development. Olivia, representing Naxon Labs at the event, highlighted the company's commitment to advancing neurotechnology through its innovative platforms like Naxon Explorer. Engaging with the ideas presented, she identified several opportunities where Naxon Labs could apply its technologies to the projects and initiatives discussed at the conference. Innovate UK's Neurotechnology Conference was not just a showcase of technological advancements but a beacon for future collaborations that could shape the landscape of neuroscience and healthcare. As we reflect on the knowledge shared and connections made, it's clear that the path forward is one of collaborative innovation. Naxon Labs remains at the forefront, ready to contribute to and benefit from these exciting developments. The journey of exploring the mind and enhancing human capabilities continues, with each discovery and partnership bringing us closer to understanding the complex tapestry of the human brain.

Electroencephalography (EEG) technology offers a window into the brain's intricate electrical activities, revealing insights into our mental states, emotions, and cognitive processes. Naxon of Labs has been working with this technology through the Muse headband, a portable EEG device, to gather valuable neuronal information. We will explore the details and the rationale behind the strategic placement of sensors on the Muse headband, which is instrumental in the functionality of our Naxon Explorer and Naxon Emotions platforms. We will provide a basic introduction to system 10-20 and system 10-10, as with the new approach of Naxon Labs we will be able to work in software for any EEG system. Finally, we provide a summary of the placement of sensors in the Neuphony device, another partner with whom we are working with.   By Olivia Fox BSci Biological Sciences at University of Birmingham   International 10–20 system The 10-20 System is named for the method of determining electrode locations based on percentages of the distance across the skull. This ensures that electrodes are systematically placed at either 10% or 20% intervals of the total front-back or right-left distance of the head. This methodical approach allows for the detailed mapping of the brain's electrical activity during different states such as sleep and wakefulness. These measurements begin at key anatomical landmarks like the nasion (the area just above the bridge of the nose) and the inion (the highest point of the skull at the back). Electrodes in the 10-20 System are labeled according to the brain region they cover, with letters representing different areas (Fp for pre-frontal, F for frontal, T for temporal, P for parietal, O for occipital, and C for central). Additional labels include "Z" for midline electrodes, odd numbers for electrodes on the left side of the head, even numbers for those on the right, and "A" or "M" for those placed near the mastoid process behind the ear. The positioning and labeling of electrodes are critical for interpreting EEG data accurately. For instance, the TP9 and TP10 sensors on the Muse headband correspond to the temporal regions, crucial for emotional processing, while AF7 and AF8 cover the prefrontal cortex, important for emotion regulation. This alignment with the 10-20 System ensures that data collected from the Muse headband can be integrated and compared with broader EEG research and applications. Understanding the 10-20 System's intricacies, including measurements from nasion to inion and preauricular points, and the specific placement of electrodes around the skull, enhances our ability to capture and analyze brain activity reliably. This knowledge base supports the effective use of EEG technology in both clinical and research settings, providing a foundation for advancements in neuroscience and neurotechnology. Figure 1: International 10–20 system The Muse headband is equipped with four primary sensors, thoughtfully positioned to optimize the monitoring of various brain activities. These sensors detect the electrical signals generated by thoughts, emotions, actions, and reactions, enabling the analysis of brainwave patterns that correspond to different mental states such as relaxation, concentration, and emotional responses. Here's an in-depth look at the sensor positions and their importance: 1. TP9 and TP10: Temporal Lobes Location: Just behind the ears, covering the left and right temporal lobes. Importance: The temporal lobes are vital for emotional processing, including the interpretation of emotional speech cues, recognition of facial expressions, and formation of emotional memories. Sensors TP9 and TP10 help capture brain responses to emotional stimuli, offering insights into how emotional content is processed, whether through auditory or visual cues. 2. AF7 and AF8: Prefrontal Cortex Location: On the forehead, adjacent to the hairline, situated over the prefrontal cortex on both sides. Importance: The prefrontal cortex is key to regulating and controlling emotions. The data from sensors AF7 and AF8 shed light on emotional regulation processes, revealing the mechanisms of emotion expression and management.   Higher resolution with System 10-10 For applications requiring more detailed brain activity mapping, the 10-10 system offers a higher resolution extension of the traditional 10-20 system, doubling the number of electrodes to capture more nuanced electrical patterns of the brain. This enhancement allows for a more granular analysis of cerebral functions and disorders, bridging the gap between broad regional monitoring and specific neural pathway observations. In the 10-10 system, electrode placements are refined using a 10% division scale to introduce intermediate sites between the established 10-20 system locations. This denser grid enables a more precise localization of brain activity, essential for advanced research studies, detailed clinical diagnostics, and neurofeedback applications. The Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature (MCN) introduces additional labeling for these new intermediate positions, expanding the vocabulary of electrode sites. Figure 2: 10–10 system The MCN employs numerical designations (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) to denote percentages of distance across the left hemisphere from the inion to the nasion, adding specificity to the electrode's scalp location. New alphabetic codes delineate areas between traditional 10-20 sites, offering insights into regions previously generalized in broader categories: AF (Anterior Frontal): Situated between the prefrontal (Fp) and frontal (F) regions, providing insights into prefrontal cortex activities that underpin decision-making, social behavior, and personality. FC (Fronto-Central): Located between the frontal (F) and central (C) areas, crucial for motor function control and higher cognitive processes. FT (Fronto-Temporal): Bridges the frontal (F) and temporal (T) regions, key for understanding the integration of auditory information and language processing. CP (Centro-Parietal): Nestled between central (C) and parietal (P) lobes, significant for sensory integration and spatial orientation. TP (Temporo-Parietal): Between temporal (T) and parietal (P) lobes, important for auditory perception, language comprehension, and social cognition. PO (Parieto-Occipital): Lies between parietal (P) and occipital (O) regions, essential for visual processing integration. Additionally, the MCN revises the labeling of some electrodes to align with this expanded framework, renaming T3 to T7, T4 to T8, T5 to P7, and T6 to P8, thereby enhancing the specificity of temporal and parietal monitoring. For even more detailed brain activity analysis, a "5% system" or "10-5 system" has been proposed, further increasing the number of electrodes and potentially offering unprecedented insights into the brain's electrical dynamics. This evolution in EEG electrode placement systems underscores the continual advancement in neurotechnology, striving for a deeper understanding of the brain's complex workings. Naxon Explorer is an affordable, useful tool and neurofeedback system for researchers in Neuroscience, Psychology, Medicine, Engineering and Information Technology. It is a web platform dedicated to exploring brain data taken with portable electroencephalographs (portable EEGs from Interaxon – Muse devices), where both an experienced researcher or recently graduated professional can easily explore the brain. Figure 3: Muse II EEG device from Interaxon   The central part of the platform is displayed where you visualize brain wave data in real time on a graph of voltage and time, divided by channel. Figure 4: Naxon Explorer output for Muse devices   Naxon Emotions is a tool to objectively measure and record a person's emotions and cognitive states in real time and at low cost using portable electroencephalography (EEG) headbands. This real-time emotion recognition system is based on neurophysiological data from EEG, cloud computing and AI. Measuring concentration and alertness: Naxon Emotions can be used to measure and record in real time the state of concentration and alertness of a person. This record can be viewed on the platform or downloaded in an Excel format for further analysis with other tools. The possibilities of using these records are multiple, such as providing support and brain correlates to psychometric measures, evaluating clinical interventions, conducting field research in the area of neuromarketing, among others.   Figure 5 : Naxon Emotions output using Muse devices The Neuphony Desktop Application integrates seamlessly with Neuphony's EEG devices, utilizing electrode placements that are pivotal for analyzing brainwave data effectively. Focusing on electrodes Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, Fz, and Pz, this application leverages the strategic positioning of these sensors to capture detailed neurological activity and cognitive states, offering a comprehensive view of an individual's cognitive health.   Electrode Placement and Functionality: Fp1 and Fp2 (Pre-frontal): Positioned on the forehead, these electrodes monitor the prefrontal cortex, a region associated with higher cognitive functions, decision-making, and personality. This area's activity is crucial for understanding cognitive states such as concentration and stress levels. F3 and F4 (Frontal): Located on the frontal lobe, these electrodes are essential for assessing cognitive processes related to problem-solving, emotion, and motor function. The frontal lobe plays a significant role in emotional regulation, making these electrodes valuable for studies on mood and affective states. Fz (Frontal Midline): This electrode, positioned at the midline of the frontal lobe, is instrumental in capturing symmetrical brain activity related to cognitive load and attention. It provides balanced insights into frontal lobe dynamics, essential for tasks requiring concentration and focus. Pz (Parietal Midline): Situated at the midline of the parietal lobe, Pz is crucial for processing sensory information and spatial orientation. This electrode's data contribute to understanding how individuals interact with and perceive their environment, influencing cognitive functions like navigation and manipulation of objects.   Utilizing Electrode Data for Cognitive Insights: The Neuphony Desktop Application harnesses the data from these electrodes to offer real-time EEG monitoring and cognitive insights. By analyzing band power across different brain regions, the application can discern patterns related to focus, relaxation, vigilance, and mental fatigue. This is particularly valuable in wellness centers and research settings where understanding the nuances of cognitive states can enhance therapeutic interventions or scientific studies.   Advanced Features for In-depth Analysis: Import/Export of .edf Files: Allows for the integration of brainwave data into broader research frameworks, facilitating longitudinal studies and cross-session analyses. Multiple Experiment Support: Enables diverse studies, from cognitive response tests to sensory processing, leveraging the specific electrode placements for targeted insights. Session Playback and Band Power Analysis: Offers the ability to revisit recorded sessions for detailed examination and understand the spectral content of brainwaves, which is pivotal for recognizing patterns associated with various cognitive states. Real-Time EEG and Cognitive Insights: Provides immediate feedback on neurological activity, enabling dynamic adjustments in therapeutic or research protocols based on observed brainwave patterns. The Neuphony Desktop Application, coupled with strategic electrode placements, represents a powerful tool for advancing our understanding of the brain's intricate workings. By focusing on key areas like the pre-frontal and frontal lobes, and employing advanced analysis features, Neuphony opens up new possibilities for cognitive health research and wellness applications.   Figure 6: Electrodes in Neuphony devices   References: 10–20 system (EEG) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E2%80%9320_system_(EEG) Visualizing brain wave data in real time https://naxonlabs.com/blog/visualizing-brain-wave-data-in-real-time Measuring concentration and alertness with Naxon Emotions https://naxonlabs.com/blog/measuring-concentration-and-alertness-with-naxon-emotions Analyzing Brainwaves Data with Neuphony Desktop Application https://naxonlabs.com/blog/analyzing-brainwaves-data-neuphony-desktop-application

Revolutionizing Neurotechnology with Software Development and AI: Naxon Labs' Vision for 2024   Innovating at the Intersection of Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence Naxon Labs stands at the forefront of a thrilling evolution as we enter 2024, marking a pivotal moment in our commitment to innovation within the realm of neurotechnology. After years of pioneering work with our flagship products, Naxon Explorer and Naxon Emotions, we are shifting our focus towards harnessing the power of software development and artificial intelligence to push the boundaries of neuroscience research and applications.   The Journey So Far Our journey began with a vision to make neuroscience accessible and actionable through technology. Naxon Explorer and Naxon Emotions were the first steps towards realizing this vision, offering tools for detailed brainwave analysis and real-time emotion recognition. These technologies provided invaluable insights into the complexities of human cognition and emotion, serving as a catalyst for our next leap forward.   A New Era of Neurotechnology The fusion of neurotechnology with software development and artificial intelligence (AI) opens up unprecedented opportunities for advancing our understanding of the brain. Naxon Labs is excited to lead this charge by offering a suite of services designed to empower researchers, clinicians, and innovators in the neuroscience field:   Custom Software Development: We’re dedicated to creating bespoke software solutions tailored to the unique needs of neuroscience research. From sophisticated algorithms for data analysis to intuitive platforms for experimental management, our goal is to enhance the efficiency and impact of neuroscience research. Machine Learning for Neuroscience: By applying machine learning techniques to neuroscience data, we aim to unlock new insights and predictive models that can transform our approach to understanding neural mechanisms and disorders. Data Science Consultation: Our team of experts offers consultation services to guide the collection, preprocessing, and analysis of neuroscience data, ensuring the highest standards of data integrity and scientific validity. Neuroinformatics Solutions: We’re developing comprehensive platforms for data management and analysis, designed to facilitate collaboration, data sharing, and the discovery of novel insights within the neuroscience community. Researcher Training and Support: Recognizing the importance of knowledge transfer, we provide training programs and continuous support for researchers navigating the complexities of new technologies and methodologies in neurotechnology.   Charting the Future Together   The potential of integrating software development and AI with neurotechnology is vast and largely untapped. Naxon Labs is committed to exploring this potential, driven by our passion for innovation and the promise of delivering transformative solutions to the neuroscience community.   We invite researchers, clinicians, and technology enthusiasts to join us in this exciting journey. Together, we can unlock new dimensions of understanding the brain, paving the way for new breakthroughs in neuroscience.

As we navigate through the early days of 2024, it's an opportune time to look back at the significant strides Naxon Labs made in 2023. The year at Naxon Labs was defined by innovative breakthroughs, strategic collaborations, and an expanded global presence that underscored our commitment to advancing neurotechnology. Here’s a recap of our pivotal moments from 2023 and a glimpse into what's on the horizon.   Strategic Partnerships and Innovative Projects Academic Collaborations and Research Initiatives Our partnerships with academic institutions, including Universitat de les Illes Balears, have been instrumental in propelling research and development at the intersection of neuroscience and technology. These collaborations have paved the way for new explorations and discoveries, reinforcing our mission to merge scientific inquiry with technological advancement.   UVJIA: Fostering Interdisciplinary Research The establishment of the Video Games and Artificial Intelligence Innovation Unit (UVJIA) marked a significant step in our journey towards creating a hub for interdisciplinary research. This initiative has not only enriched the academic landscape but also underscored our dedication to exploring the confluence of gaming, AI, and neurotechnology.   Engagements with IIT Mandi iHub and HCI Foundation Our collaboration with IIT Mandi iHub and HCI Foundation highlighted our commitment to innovation in neurotechnology and human-computer interaction. This partnership is poised to unlock new synergies and drive advancements that redefine our interactions with technology.   The Reciprocal Brains Project and Dementia Research Projects like Walid Breidi's Reciprocal Brains and our collaborative research with the University of Aveiro have showcased our efforts in using neurotechnology for artistic expression and social impact, particularly in addressing challenges related to dementia through innovative approaches to reminiscence therapy.   Neurotechnology devices Naxon Labs continued promoting Naxon Explorer and Naxon Emotions which run on top of Muse devices. There are advanced tools that can be used to integrate many technologies, including virtual reality. Also, we have introducing how to explore brain waves with Neuphony products and its software applications.   Expanding Our Global Footprint   Engagements in New Zealand Our activities in New Zealand have played a crucial role in fostering global dialogue on neuroscientific advancements. By getting to know local neurotechnology developments, we've shared insights and absorbed diverse perspectives, enriching our understanding and contributions to the field.   NeuroFrance 2023 in Lyon, France Getting to know the NeuroFrance 2023 conference in Lyon allowed us to connect with global discussions on neuroscience. This engagement not only reinforced our position but also connected us with the international neurotechnology community, capturing knowledge and insights.   Visit to CogLab in Paris Our visit to CogLab in Paris in May 2023 stands out as a highlight of the year. Hosted by Hans and engaging with the vibrant community at CogLab and NeuroTechX Paris, we explored potential collaborations and shared visions for the future of neurotechnology. This visit underscored the importance of community and collaboration in driving forward the field of neurotechnology.   Looking Ahead to 2024   As we move into 2024, Naxon Labs is poised for a year of continued innovation, collaboration, and exploration. Our experiences in 2023 have set a solid foundation for further growth and development. We are committed to enhancing our tools, forging new partnerships, and exploring new avenues that bridge neuroscience with practical applications in everyday life. The advancements of the past year serve as a springboard for the exciting possibilities that lie ahead. With a focus on expanding our global collaborations and continuing to innovate at the intersection of art, science, and technology, we are on a path to redefine the boundaries of what's possible in neurotechnology. Join us as we continue to push the frontiers of discovery and innovation in 2024 and beyond. At Naxon Labs, the future is bright, and we are just getting started.

In May 2023, Naxon Labs had the privilege of visiting CogLab in Paris, a beacon of innovation and collaboration in the cognitive sciences and neurotechnology community. Hosted by Hans Rajoharison, a key figure at CogLab and coordinator for NeuroTechX Europe, our visit underscored the shared vision and potential for future collaborations between Naxon Labs and CogLab.   Exploring the Intersection of Cognitive Sciences and Neurotechnology CogLab, under the stewardship of founders including Romain Rouyer and Hans Rajoharison, is a vibrant community dedicated to exploring the realms of cognitive sciences through a unique blend of DIY philosophy, citizen science, and digital arts. Their mission aligns closely with Naxon Labs' objectives: to advance the understanding and application of neurotechnologies in a manner that is open, accessible, and community-driven.   The CogLab and NeuroTechX Paris Initiative CogLab, in partnership with NeuroTechX Paris, has established itself as a crucial hub for enthusiasts, hackers, and experts passionate about neurotechnologies. They regularly host HackNight events, fostering an environment where knowledge sharing and collective project development flourish. This open and low-tech approach not only democratizes access to neurotechnology but also stimulates innovation and creativity within the field. The Meetup information can be found in this link. The team and activites run in the Makerlab Paris, 8 Bis Rue Charles V, Paris.   A Synergy of Goals and Projects   During our visit, we were inspired by the range of activities and projects spearheaded by CogLab. From their commitment to open-source principles and their active involvement in DIY cognitive science projects to the organization of hackathons and educational masterclasses, CogLab is at the forefront of making neurotechnology accessible and engaging. Their active projects, like Autispace, showcase a communal effort to leverage technology for social good, resonating with Naxon Labs' mission to create tools that benefit society at large.   Naxon Labs and CogLab: A Path Forward Our visit to CogLab was not only a meeting of minds but also a confluence of shared ambitions. The enthusiasm and expertise displayed by Hans, and the entire CogLab developments have laid the groundwork for potential collaborations that could bridge the gap between neurotechnology research and practical, community-focused applications. As Naxon Labs continues to develop advanced tools for EEG data analysis and emotion recognition, the insights and projects at CogLab offer a valuable perspective on the real-world applications of these technologies. The possibility of integrating Naxon Labs' tools with CogLab's initiatives presents an exciting avenue for both organizations to enhance the impact of neurotechnology on society.   Looking Ahead: Collaborative Innovations   As we move forward, grounded in our visit and the warm reception by Hans, holds the promise of fostering groundbreaking innovations in neurotechnology. In the spirit of our fruitful engagement with CogLab and NeuroTechX Paris, Naxon Labs looks forward to a future where our collaborative efforts contribute to the flourishing landscape of neurotechnology. Our visit to Paris was just the beginning, and we are excited about what our combined efforts will achieve for the cognitive sciences and neurotechnology community.

In the evolving landscape of neurotechnology, virtual reality (VR) is emerging as a transformative tool, blending seamlessly with advanced neurotechnological tools to push the boundaries of neuroscience applications. From the academic halls of Spain's Universitat de les Illes Balears to the innovative research teams in Portugal's Universidade de Aveiro, and reaching the cutting-edge developments from AppliedVR and Kernel in Los Angeles, VR is setting new frontiers in understanding and treating complex neurological conditions.   Universitat de les Illes Balears: Leading the Charge in VR and Neurotechnology At the Universitat de les Illes Balears, the work led by Dr. Francisco J. Perales López, alongside his colleagues Dr. Pere Antoni Borras Rotger and Dr. Francisca Negre Bennasar, epitomizes the integration of VR with neurotechnology. This team has been instrumental in exploring the therapeutic applications of VR, particularly focusing on its potential to significantly improve conditions such as CP, autism, ADHD, and more. Using Naxon Labs' innovative tools, they've embarked on projects that apply technology to therapeutic subjects, demonstrating how VR and neurofeedback can be harnessed to create impactful therapeutic interventions. One notable project involves the creation of immersive VR environments that facilitate emotional state modulation through visual and auditory stimuli. By employing Naxon Labs' platforms, such as the Naxon Explorer and the Emotions platform, the research team can precisely monitor and analyze brainwave data in real-time. This collaboration not only showcases the practical applications of combining VR with neurotechnology but also highlights Naxon Labs' role in advancing neuroscience research. Iker López's development of a software application, which ingeniously integrates binaural waves and neurofeedback techniques, marks a pivotal advancement in mental health care support. By leveraging auditory stimuli configured to various brainwave frequencies and applying neurofeedback as a brain activity training technique, this project illuminates the pathway to modifying user mental activity effectively. The immersive nature of VR, coupled with the elimination of external distractions, offers a controlled and deeply engaging experience, promoting relaxation and heightened attention. This project's success is further evidenced by its objective evaluation of mental states, enabled by the integration of non-invasive EEG devices like the Muse Band 2. This approach allows for real-time monitoring of brain activity changes throughout the VR sessions, providing tangible insights into the application's impact on users' emotional states. The collaboration between UIB and Naxon Labs, through this initiative, exemplifies the seamless fusion of academic research and practical application, driving forward the exploration of VR's capabilities in neurotechnology. In addition to their groundbreaking work in VR and neurotechnology, Dr. Francisco J. Perales López has taken a significant step forward with the establishment of UJVIA (Unit for Video Games and Artificial Intelligence Innovation) at the Universitat de les Illes Balears. This initiative aims to foster innovation in the fields of video games and artificial intelligence, with a strong emphasis on their applications in various social and therapeutic contexts. Naxon Labs is proud to be an active member of UJVIA, collaborating closely with Dr. Perales and his team. This partnership underscores our commitment to exploring new frontiers in neurotechnology and expanding the impact of our work beyond traditional research settings, leveraging the power of video games and AI to create meaningful, real-world applications.   AppliedVR: A Glimpse into VR's Potential in Chronic Pain Management In Los Angeles, AppliedVR's pioneering collaboration with Kernel Flow has cast a spotlight on virtual reality's transformative role in chronic pain management. Their clinical study, centered on individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP), marks a significant advancement in medical research, illustrating that VR can elicit substantial changes in brain activity linked to pain relief. The partnership between AppliedVR and Kernel Flow merges VR's immersive therapeutic potential with state-of-the-art brain imaging, setting new directions for pain treatment. The findings from this collaboration have been groundbreaking, showing not only a decrease in pain but also notable physiological changes such as reduced breathing rates among participants engaged in active VR treatment. This shift in brain activation coherence underlines VR's capability to do more than distract from pain—it fundamentally alters the brain's perception of it. Such insights are crucial for developing non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, highlighting VR's capacity to make meaningful interventions in chronic pain conditions. The success of AppliedVR's study with Kernel Flow underscores the value of interdisciplinary efforts in pushing healthcare technology forward. By blending AppliedVR's VR therapy expertise with Kernel Flow's advanced neuroimaging, the project exemplifies the potential of integrating diverse technological and scientific domains. This collaborative approach not only opens up new avenues for treating chronic pain but also demonstrates how innovative technologies can tackle some of the most pressing challenges in healthcare. As AppliedVR continues to navigate the frontiers of VR in medical applications, their ongoing research and development are poised to inspire additional studies, potentially bringing hope to millions affected by chronic pain worldwide. The implications of their work extend far beyond pain management, suggesting a future where VR and related technologies play a central role in various aspects of medicine and therapy.   Universidade de Aveiro: Enhancing Lives with VR and Neuroscience In Portugal, the Universidade de Aveiro's groundbreaking research, led by Francisco Reis, Pedro Reisinho, and Rui Raposo, further exemplifies the synergy between VR and neurotechnology. Focused on addressing the challenges posed by dementia, their work leverages immersive VR experiences to stimulate oral communication competencies and assess potential improvements in psychological well-being among dementia patients. By integrating the Muse 2 headband with Naxon Labs' Emotions platform, they've crafted a multidisciplinary approach that combines interactive narratives, VR, and neurofeedback to guide interventions in real-time. Universidade de Aveiro, under the guidance of researchers Francisco Reis, Pedro Reisinho, and Rui Raposo, is harnessing the power of VR to pioneer reminiscence therapy techniques for individuals with dementia. Reminiscence therapy, a therapeutic approach that involves recalling and discussing past experiences, is significantly enhanced through VR technology, offering immersive experiences that can evoke powerful memories and emotions. This method allows participants to virtually revisit familiar settings or relive past experiences, thereby facilitating a connection with memories that might otherwise be difficult to access due to the progression of dementia. The collaboration with Naxon Labs enables the research team to employ immersive experiences effectively, stimulating memory recall and offering new hope for dementia therapy. By integrating VR into reminiscence therapy, the team at Aveiro is not only able to stimulate oral communication competencies but also to assess and potentially improve the psychological well-being of dementia patients. The application of Naxon Labs' tools, particularly in capturing and analyzing emotional responses during these VR sessions, further enriches the therapy by providing valuable insights into the emotional states of participants, enabling a tailored therapeutic approach. This innovative research not only sheds light on the impact of reminiscence therapy but also pioneers the use of neurofeedback to enhance the lives of individuals grappling with dementia. This groundbreaking work by the Universidad de Aveiro represents a significant advancement in dementia care, illustrating the profound impact of combining traditional therapeutic techniques with modern VR technology.   The merging of VR with neurotechnology tools across various neuroscience applications is paving the way for groundbreaking developments in the field. Whether it's the therapeutic interventions explored by the Universitat de les Illes Balears, the chronic pain management studies by AppliedVR, or the dementia research conducted at the Universidad de Aveiro, each initiative highlights the immense potential of VR in advancing our understanding and treatment of neurological conditions. With the support of tools from Naxon Labs, researchers and clinicians are equipped to explore new horizons in neuroscience, offering hope and innovative solutions to those in need.

In today’s era of neuroscientific exploration, the journey from collecting brainwave data to analyzing it in Excel has been revolutionized by tools like Naxon Explorer in conjunction with Muse wearable devices. This potent combination not only democratizes the process of EEG data collection but also opens up sophisticated avenues for data visualization and in-depth analysis through familiar and powerful platforms like Microsoft Excel.   Naxon Explorer: Your Portal to Comprehensive Brain Data Analysis Naxon Explorer stands at the forefront of neurotechnology tools, facilitating the exploration of EEG data for researchers and enthusiasts across diverse fields such as Neuroscience, Psychology, Medicine, Engineering, and Information Technology. This web-based platform simplifies the complex process of EEG data collection and analysis, making it accessible to both seasoned researchers and novices in the field.   Visualizing Brain Activity in Real-Time With Naxon Explorer, users can monitor brainwave data in real time, presented through intuitive graphs that display voltage over time, segmented by EEG channels. The platform's user-friendly interface allows for on-the-fly adjustments to parameters such as notch, high-pass, and low-pass filters, enhancing the clarity and relevance of the data being collected. Furthermore, Naxon Explorer's sensitivity and time window adjustments, coupled with its blink and clench detection features, offer an unparalleled level of control and precision in EEG data visualization.   The Power of CSV: Deep Diving into Data with Excel A standout feature of Naxon Explorer is its ability to export EEG sessions into CSV files, which can then be imported into Excel for further analysis. This functionality bridges the gap between raw data collection and detailed data exploration, providing users with the tools to perform advanced analyses and gain deeper insights into neurological patterns.   Deciphering the CSV File Structure The CSV files generated by Naxon Explorer are structured to offer a comprehensive overview of EEG data in a format that is both accessible and detailed. Here’s a closer look at the typical columns and their meanings: Timestamp: Marks the exact time at which each data point was recorded, providing a chronological framework for the session. Channel Data: Each column corresponds to a specific EEG channel (e.g., FP1, FP2, T7, T8), containing the voltage readings from that electrode. This setup allows for the analysis of activity across different brain regions. Frequency Bands: Some CSV formats include columns for different frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma), offering insights into the predominant types of brain activity during the session. Event Markers: Columns dedicated to event markers denote specific instances or stimuli during the recording, enabling users to correlate external events with neurological responses. This structured approach to data presentation not only facilitates a granular analysis of brainwave patterns but also allows for the application of statistical analyses, pattern recognition, and even machine learning models within Excel. Researchers can leverage Excel’s extensive toolkit to perform tasks ranging from simple graphical representations to complex computational analyses.   Harnessing Excel for Neuroscientific Breakthroughs Integrating Naxon Explorer’s capabilities with the analytical power of Excel propels neuroscientific research into new realms of possibility. By exporting EEG data into Excel, researchers can utilize a familiar platform to uncover novel insights, establish correlations, and even predict neurological outcomes based on empirical data.   Starting Your Neuroscientific Exploration Embark on a journey of discovery with Naxon Explorer and Muse, and unlock the full potential of your neuroscientific research. With the ease of collecting, visualizing, and analyzing brainwave data in Excel, the mysteries of the mind are more accessible than ever.   Dive deep into the neurological data with Naxon Explorer and transform your findings into actionable insights with Excel. Begin your exploration today and contribute to the ever-expanding field of neuroscience.